How to resolve the algorithm Bell numbers step by step in the Python programming language

Published on 12 May 2024 09:40 PM

How to resolve the algorithm Bell numbers step by step in the Python programming language

Table of Contents

Problem Statement

Bell or exponential numbers are enumerations of the number of different ways to partition a set that has exactly n elements. Each element of the sequence Bn is the number of partitions of a set of size n where order of the elements and order of the partitions are non-significant. E.G.: {a b} is the same as {b a} and {a} {b} is the same as {b} {a}.

A simple way to find the Bell numbers is construct a Bell triangle, also known as an Aitken's array or Peirce triangle, and read off the numbers in the first column of each row. There are other generating algorithms though, and you are free to choose the best / most appropriate for your case.

Write a routine (function, generator, whatever) to generate the Bell number sequence and call the routine to show here, on this page at least the first 15 and (if your language supports big Integers) 50th elements of the sequence. If you do use the Bell triangle method to generate the numbers, also show the first ten rows of the Bell triangle.

Let's start with the solution:

Step by Step solution about How to resolve the algorithm Bell numbers step by step in the Python programming language

This code snippet provides different implementations of Bell's triangle and Bell numbers in Python. Bell's triangle is a triangular array of numbers that represents the number of ways to partition a set of n elements into non-empty subsets. Bell numbers are the sum of the numbers in the nth row of Bell's triangle.

Function 'bellTriangle':

  • It takes an integer n as an argument and initializes an empty triangular array of size n.
  • It populates the array with Bell numbers using dynamic programming.
  • The first row is initialized with 1.
  • It calculates the Bell numbers for the remaining rows by summing the values from the previous row and the row before that.
  • It returns the populated Bell's triangle.

Function 'main':

  • Calls the 'bellTriangle' function with n=51 to generate the first 51 rows of Bell's triangle.
  • Prints the first fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers.
  • Prints the first ten rows of Bell's triangle.

Alternative Implementation 'bellNumbers':

  • Uses the 'bellTriangle' function to generate the Bell numbers by taking only the first element of each row.
  • It's a more concise implementation, but it relies on the 'bellTriangle' function for computation.

Alternative Implementation 'bellTriangle':

  • Uses a more functional approach to generate Bell's triangle.
  • It leverages itertools and functools to perform operations like accumulating, combining functions, etc.
  • It's a more advanced and less straightforward implementation but provides a different perspective on the problem.

Generic Functions:

  • bimap: Takes two functions and returns a function that applies them to the first and second elements of a tuple, respectively.
  • compose: Composes multiple functions into a single function.
  • drop: Removes the first n elements from a list or string.
  • fTable: Generates a tabular string by applying display functions to the heading, x-axis, and f(x).
  • identity: The identity function.
  • iterate: Generates an infinite list by repeatedly applying a function to a value.
  • last: Returns the last element of a list.
  • scanl: Accumulates values from left to right, generating a list of intermediate results.
  • succ: Returns the successor of a value (adding 1 for numeric types).
  • take: Takes the first n elements from a list or string.
  • uncurry: Converts a curried function to a regular function.

Testing:

  • In the main function, various test cases are performed, including displaying the first fifteen Bell numbers, the fiftieth Bell number, and the first ten rows of Bell's triangle.

Overall, this code provides multiple implementations of Bell's triangle and Bell numbers, showcasing different programming techniques and functional utilities in Python.

Source code in the python programming language

def bellTriangle(n):
    tri = [None] * n
    for i in xrange(n):
        tri[i] = [0] * i
    tri[1][0] = 1
    for i in xrange(2, n):
        tri[i][0] = tri[i - 1][i - 2]
        for j in xrange(1, i):
            tri[i][j] = tri[i][j - 1] + tri[i - 1][j - 1]
    return tri

def main():
    bt = bellTriangle(51)
    print "First fifteen and fiftieth Bell numbers:"
    for i in xrange(1, 16):
        print "%2d: %d" % (i, bt[i][0])
    print "50:", bt[50][0]
    print
    print "The first ten rows of Bell's triangle:"
    for i in xrange(1, 11):
        print bt[i]

main()


'''Bell numbers'''

from itertools import accumulate, chain, islice
from operator import add, itemgetter
from functools import reduce


# bellNumbers :: [Int]
def bellNumbers():
    '''Bell or exponential numbers.
       A000110
    '''
    return map(itemgetter(0), bellTriangle())


# bellTriangle :: [[Int]]
def bellTriangle():
    '''Bell triangle.'''
    return map(
        itemgetter(1),
        iterate(
            compose(
                bimap(last)(identity),
                list, uncurry(scanl(add))
            )
        )((1, [1]))
    )


# ------------------------- TEST --------------------------
# main :: IO ()
def main():
    '''Tests'''
    showIndex = compose(repr, succ, itemgetter(0))
    showValue = compose(repr, itemgetter(1))
    print(
        fTable(
            'First fifteen Bell numbers:'
        )(showIndex)(showValue)(identity)(list(
            enumerate(take(15)(bellNumbers()))
        ))
    )

    print('\nFiftieth Bell number:')
    bells = bellNumbers()
    drop(49)(bells)
    print(
        next(bells)
    )

    print(
        fTable(
            "\nFirst 10 rows of Bell's triangle:"
        )(showIndex)(showValue)(identity)(list(
            enumerate(take(10)(bellTriangle()))
        ))
    )


# ------------------------ GENERIC ------------------------

# bimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (a, c) -> (b, d)
def bimap(f):
    '''Tuple instance of bimap.
       A tuple of the application of f and g to the
       first and second values respectively.
    '''
    def go(g):
        def gox(x):
            return (f(x), g(x))
        return gox
    return go


# compose :: ((a -> a), ...) -> (a -> a)
def compose(*fs):
    '''Composition, from right to left,
       of a series of functions.
    '''
    def go(f, g):
        def fg(x):
            return f(g(x))
        return fg
    return reduce(go, fs, identity)


# drop :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
# drop :: Int -> String -> String
def drop(n):
    '''The sublist of xs beginning at
       (zero-based) index n.
    '''
    def go(xs):
        if isinstance(xs, (list, tuple, str)):
            return xs[n:]
        else:
            take(n)(xs)
            return xs
    return go


# fTable :: String -> (a -> String) ->
# (b -> String) -> (a -> b) -> [a] -> String
def fTable(s):
    '''Heading -> x display function -> fx display function ->
       f -> xs -> tabular string.
    '''
    def gox(xShow):
        def gofx(fxShow):
            def gof(f):
                def goxs(xs):
                    ys = [xShow(x) for x in xs]
                    w = max(map(len, ys))

                    def arrowed(x, y):
                        return y.rjust(w, ' ') + ' -> ' + fxShow(f(x))
                    return s + '\n' + '\n'.join(
                        map(arrowed, xs, ys)
                    )
                return goxs
            return gof
        return gofx
    return gox


# identity :: a -> a
def identity(x):
    '''The identity function.'''
    return x


# iterate :: (a -> a) -> a -> Gen [a]
def iterate(f):
    '''An infinite list of repeated
       applications of f to x.
    '''
    def go(x):
        v = x
        while True:
            yield v
            v = f(v)
    return go


# last :: [a] -> a
def last(xs):
    '''The last element of a non-empty list.'''
    return xs[-1]


# scanl :: (b -> a -> b) -> b -> [a] -> [b]
def scanl(f):
    '''scanl is like reduce, but returns a succession of
       intermediate values, building from the left.
    '''
    def go(a):
        def g(xs):
            return accumulate(chain([a], xs), f)
        return g
    return go


# succ :: Enum a => a -> a
def succ(x):
    '''The successor of a value.
       For numeric types, (1 +).
    '''
    return 1 + x


# take :: Int -> [a] -> [a]
# take :: Int -> String -> String
def take(n):
    '''The prefix of xs of length n,
       or xs itself if n > length xs.
    '''
    def go(xs):
        return (
            xs[0:n]
            if isinstance(xs, (list, tuple))
            else list(islice(xs, n))
        )
    return go


# uncurry :: (a -> b -> c) -> ((a, b) -> c)
def uncurry(f):
    '''A function over a tuple,
       derived from a curried function.
    '''
    def go(tpl):
        return f(tpl[0])(tpl[1])
    return go


# MAIN ---
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()


  

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