How to resolve the algorithm Window creation/X11 step by step in the Go programming language
How to resolve the algorithm Window creation/X11 step by step in the Go programming language
Table of Contents
Problem Statement
Create a simple X11 application, using an X11 protocol library such as Xlib or XCB, that draws a box and "Hello World" in a window. Implementations of this task should avoid using a toolkit as much as possible.
Let's start with the solution:
Step by Step solution about How to resolve the algorithm Window creation/X11 step by step in the Go programming language
The code you provided is a Go program that draws various geometric shapes on a window using the X Window System graphics library. Here's a detailed explanation of the code:
-
Library Imports: The program imports the
xgb
library, which is a Go binding for the X Window System protocol, and thelog
library for logging errors. -
X Connection: It establishes a connection to the X server using
xgb.NewConn()
. This connection allows the program to interact with the X server and manage windows and graphics. -
Geometric Objects: The program defines several arrays of geometric objects:
points
: An array of four points that represent the vertices of a rectangle.polyline
: An array of five points that represent a polygonal line.segments
: An array of two line segments.rectangles
: An array of two rectangles.arcs
: An array of two arcs.
-
Screen Information: It retrieves information about the default screen using
setup.DefaultScreen(X)
. This includes the screen's depth and root window ID. -
Creating a Graphic Context (GC): A graphic context is created with a black foreground color using
xproto.NewGcontextId()
,xproto.CreateGC()
, andxproto.Drawable()
. This GC will be used for drawing. -
Window Creation: A window is created using
xproto.NewWindowId()
,xproto.Drawable()
,xproto.CreateWindow()
, andxproto.MapWindow()
. It sets the window's background color to white and enables exposure events. -
Event Loop: The program enters an infinite loop to handle events from the X server. It waits for events using
X.WaitForEvent()
. -
Event Handling: When an event is received, it checks the event type:
- If it's an
xproto.ExposeEvent
, it means the window has been exposed, and the program draws the geometric shapes on the window using the graphic context and the various X protocol functions likexproto.PolyPoint()
,xproto.PolyLine()
,xproto.PolySegment()
,xproto.PolyRectangle()
, andxproto.PolyArc()
. - If it's any other event type, it ignores it.
- If it's an
-
Error Handling: If an error occurs during event handling or other operations, the program logs the error using
log.Fatal()
.
This program demonstrates how to use the X Window System graphics library to create and draw various geometric shapes on a window. It also handles window exposure events to redraw the shapes when necessary.
Source code in the go programming language
package main
// Copyright (c) 2013 Alex Kesling
//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
// of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
// in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
// to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
// copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
// furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
//
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
// IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
// FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
// AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
// LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
// OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
// THE SOFTWARE.
import (
"log"
"github.com/jezek/xgb"
"github.com/jezek/xgb/xproto"
)
func main() {
// Open the connection to the X server
X, err := xgb.NewConn()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
// geometric objects
points := []xproto.Point{
{10, 10},
{10, 20},
{20, 10},
{20, 20}};
polyline := []xproto.Point{
{50, 10},
{ 5, 20}, // rest of points are relative
{25,-20},
{10, 10}};
segments := []xproto.Segment{
{100, 10, 140, 30},
{110, 25, 130, 60}};
rectangles := []xproto.Rectangle{
{ 10, 50, 40, 20},
{ 80, 50, 10, 40}};
arcs := []xproto.Arc{
{10, 100, 60, 40, 0, 90 << 6},
{90, 100, 55, 40, 0, 270 << 6}};
setup := xproto.Setup(X)
// Get the first screen
screen := setup.DefaultScreen(X)
// Create black (foreground) graphic context
foreground, _ := xproto.NewGcontextId(X)
mask := uint32(xproto.GcForeground | xproto.GcGraphicsExposures)
values := []uint32{screen.BlackPixel, 0}
xproto.CreateGC(X, foreground, xproto.Drawable(screen.Root), mask, values)
// Ask for our window's Id
win, _ := xproto.NewWindowId(X)
winDrawable := xproto.Drawable(win)
// Create the window
mask = uint32(xproto.CwBackPixel | xproto.CwEventMask)
values = []uint32{screen.WhitePixel, xproto.EventMaskExposure}
xproto.CreateWindow(X, // Connection
screen.RootDepth, // Depth
win, // Window Id
screen.Root, // Parent Window
0, 0, // x, y
150, 150, // width, height
10, // border_width
xproto.WindowClassInputOutput, // class
screen.RootVisual, // visual
mask, values) // masks
// Map the window on the screen
xproto.MapWindow(X, win)
for {
evt, err := X.WaitForEvent()
switch evt.(type) {
case xproto.ExposeEvent:
/* We draw the points */
xproto.PolyPoint(X, xproto.CoordModeOrigin, winDrawable, foreground, points)
/* We draw the polygonal line */
xproto.PolyLine(X, xproto.CoordModePrevious, winDrawable, foreground, polyline)
/* We draw the segments */
xproto.PolySegment(X, winDrawable, foreground, segments)
/* We draw the rectangles */
xproto.PolyRectangle(X, winDrawable, foreground, rectangles)
/* We draw the arcs */
xproto.PolyArc(X, winDrawable, foreground, arcs)
default:
/* Unknown event type, ignore it */
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
}
return
}
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